Salivary Cytokine Levels in Oral & Mucocutaneous Lichen Planus Patients

Krupaa, R. J., Sankari, S. L., Masthan, K. M. & Rajesh, E. Oral lichen planus: an overview. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 7 (Suppl 1), S158–161. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.155873/ (2015). Gorouhi, F., Davari, P. & Fazel, N. Cutaneous and mucosal lichen planus: A comprehensive review of clinical subtypes, risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014 (1), 742826. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/742826/ (2014). Al Qudsi, G. H., Al-Essa, H. S. & Wadood Aljazaeri, S. A. Clinical study of oral lichen planus for a selective sample in Basrah City South of Iraq between 2017–2019. Syst. Reviews Pharm. 11 (9), 1082–1090 (2020). Nosratzehi, T. Oral lichen planus: an overview of potential risk factors, biomarkers and treatments. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 19 (5), 1161–1167. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.5.1161/ (2018). Gururaj, N., Hasinidevi, P., Janani, V. & Divynadaniel, T. Diagnosis and management of oral lichen planus–review. J. Oral Maxillofacial Pathol. 25 (3), 383–393 (2021). Tampa, M. et al. Markers of oral lichen planus malignant transformation. Dis. Markers. 2018 (1), 1959506. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1959506/ (2018). Cerqueira, J. D. M. et al. Psychological disorders and oral lichen planus: A systematic review. J. Investig Clin. Dent. 9 (4), e12363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12363/ (2018). Chen, X. et al. Inflammatory cytokines and oral lichen planus: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Immunol. 15, 1332317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332317/ (2024). Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., Manzano-Moreno, F. J., Ruiz, C. & Illescas-Montes, R. Salivary biomarkers and their application in the diagnosis and monitoring of the most common oral pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (14), 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145173/ (2020). Mohammed, H. S., Ali, S. K., Mohammed, L. O. & Mohammed, M. S. Prevalence of amoebiasis and Estimation of certain cytokines (il-17, ifn-γ and tnf-α) in children with amoebic infection in Sulaimani province/iraq. Iraq Med. J. 6 (1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.22317/imj.v6i1.1148 (2022). Turner, M. D., Nedjai, B., Hurst, T. & Pennington, D. J. Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1843 (11), 2563–2582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014/ (2014). Mozaffari, H. R., Sharifi, R. & Sadeghi, M. Prevalence of oral lichen planus in diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis study. Acta Inf. Med. 24 (6), 390–393. https://doi.org/10.5455/aim.2016.24.390-393/ (2016). Grebenciucova, E. & Vanhaerents, S. Interleukin 6: at the interface of human health and disease. Front. Immunol. 14, 1255533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255533/ (2023). Aggeletopoulou, I., Kalafateli, M., Tsounis, E. P. & Triantos, C. Exploring the role of il-1β in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Front. Med. 11, 1307394. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1307394/ (2024). Xia, T. et al. Advances in the study of macrophage polarization in inflammatory immune skin diseases. J. Inflamm. 20 (1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-023-00360-z/ (2023). Zhou, F. Molecular mechanisms of ifn-γ to up-regulate Mhc class i antigen processing and presentation. Int. Rev. Immunol. 28 (3), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/08830180902978120/ (2009). Carvalho, M. F. M. S. D. et al. Cytokines levels and salivary Microbiome play a potential role in oral lichen planus diagnosis. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 18137 (2019). Zhu, Z-D. et al. Salivary cytokine profile in patients with oral lichen planus. J. Dent. Sci. 17 (1), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2021.06.013/ (2022). Nandhini, J. et al. Estimation of the level of salivary Proinflammatory cytokine in oral lichen planus–a case–control study in cuddalore-based population. J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol. 31 (2), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiaomr.jiaomr_43_19/ (2019). Unnikrishnan, S. P. et al. Disease severity scoring systems in mucosal lichen planus: A systematic review. Oral Dis. 29 (8), 3136–3151. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14447/ (2023). Musi, N. & Goodyear, L. Amp-activated protein kinase and muscle glucose uptake. Acta Physiol. Scand. 178 (4), 337–345. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01168.x/ (2003). Deng, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, L., Li, J. & Chen, Q. Updates on immunological mechanistic insights and targeting of the oral lichen planus microenvironment. Front. Immunol. 13, 1023213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023213/ (2023). Lu, R., Zhang, J., Sun, W., Du, G. & Zhou, G. Inflammation-related cytokines in oral lichen planus: an overview. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 44 (1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12142/ (2015). Humberto, J. S. M., Saia, R. S., Costa, L. H. A., Rocha, M. J. A. & Motta, A. C. F. Salivary cytokine profile in patients with oral lichen planus. Odovtos-International J. Dent. Sci. 26 (2), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.15517/ijds.2023.57139/ (2024). Slebioda, Z. et al. Oral lichen planus: clinical presentation, demographic characteristics, and risk factors in a retrospective study of 186 Polish patients. J. Clin. Med. 13 (23), 7363. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237363/ (2024). Boffano, P., Dugast, S., Bertin, H. & Corre, P. Clinical features of oral lichen planus: A pictorial and systematic review. Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 77 (3), 1692–1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-025-05337-3/ (2025). Kowe, P., Nayak, P., Sawatkar, G. U. & Meshram, N. B. Oral lichen planus: mucoscopic perspective. J. Skin. Sexually Transmitted Dis. 7 (1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.25259/JSSTD_57_2024/ (2025). Netto, J. D. N. S., Pires, F. R., Costa, K. H. A. & Fischer, R. G. Clinical features of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: an oral pathologist’s perspective. Braz. Dent. J. 33 (3), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202204426/ (2022). Fijalkowska, A., Kadziela, M. & Zebrowska, A. The spectrum of cutaneous manifestations in lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive review. J. Clin. Med. 13 (8), 2419. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082419/ (2024). Tar, I., Krisztina, S., Martos, R., Kiss, C. & Marton, I. Effects of comorbid disease improvement on oral lichen planus (olp) and oral leukoplakia (ol) lesions: A retrospective longitudinal study. J. Clin. Med. 14 (10), 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103408/ (2025). Rhodus, N. L. et al. The feasibility of monitoring nf-kappab associated cytokines: Tnf-alpha, il-1alpha, il-6, and il-8 in whole saliva for the malignant transformation of oral lichen planus. Mol. Carcinog. 44 (2), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.20113/ (2005). Mozaffari, H. R. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis study of salivary and serum interleukin-8 levels in oral lichen planus. Adv. Dermatology Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii I Alergologii. 35 (6), 599–604 (2018). Wei, W. et al. Mixed and inhomogeneous expression profile of th1/th2 related cytokines detected by cytometric bead array in the saliva of patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 126 (2), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.02.013/ (2018). Sugerman, P. et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit. Reviews Oral Biology Med. 13 (4), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300405 (2002). Mutafchieva, M. Z., Draganova, M. N. & Tomov, G. T. Histological improvement and cytokine levels reduction in patients with oral lichen planus after photobiomodulation therapy. Biomedicines 12 (10), 2300 (2024). Ghallab, N. A., El-Wakeel, N. & Shaker, O. G. Levels of salivary ifn-gamma, Tnf‐alfa, and Tnf receptor‐2 as prognostic markers in (erosive) oral lichen planus. Mediat. Inflamm. 2010 (1), 847632. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/847632 (2010). Zhou, G. et al. Increased b7-h1 expression on peripheral blood t cells in oral lichen planus correlated with disease severity. J. Clin. Immunol. 32 (4), 794–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-012-9683-2/ (2012). El Gayed, E. M. A., Basha, M. A. & Abd Elatef, S. A. Interleukin-6 levels in the serum and saliva in patients with oral lichen planus. Menoufia Med. J. 34 (3), 909–913 (2021). Abboud, C. S. et al. Serum and salivary cytokines in patients with oral lichen planus treated with photobiomodulation. Oral Dis. 29 (3), 1250–1258. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14084/ (2023). Mozaffari, H. R. et al. Evaluation of serum and salivary interferon-gamma levels in patients with oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 127 (3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.11.006/ (2019). Liu, W. et al. Ifn-gamma and il-4 in saliva of patients with oral lichen planus: A study in an ethnic Chinese population. Inflammation 32 (3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-009-9118-2/ (2009). Tylutka, A., Walas, L. & Zembron-Lacny, A. Level of il-6, tnf, and il-1beta and age-related diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Immunol. 15, 1330386. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330386/ (2024). Katkenov, N. et al. Systematic review on the role of il-6 and il-1beta in cardiovascular diseases. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 11 (7), 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11070206/ (2024).