Ascher Syndrome: When Blepharochalasis is Mistaken for Eczema

Introduction Ascher syndrome, also called Laffer-Ascher syndrome, is a rare benign disorder classically characterized by the triad of blepharochalasis, double lip, and non-toxic thyroid goiter.1 This rare disorder typically manifests in young adults. Laboratory findings are often normal, with most cases showing only blepharochalasis and double lip. Consequently, patients seek consultation across multiple specialties, including ophthalmology, oral medicine, dermatology, and plastic surgery. Insufficient clinician knowledge about this disease often leads to diagnostic and treatment difficulties. This report presents a case treated with plastic surgery and highlights key differential diagnoses to improve future clinical management. Case Presentation A 24-year-old otherwise healthy male presented to the dermatology department with a 15-year history of progressive bilateral upper eyelid laxity and upper lip thickening. Initial symptoms, characterized by episodic upper eyelid edema and prominent thickening of the upper labial mucosa, emerged at age 9 without identifiable triggers. Over 15 years, the frequency of eyelid edema gradually diminished, resulting in progressively redundant upper eyelid skin. Concurrently, the upper labial mucosa exhibited slow, progressive hypertrophy. The patient received no systematic treatment during this period, using only topical erythromycin ointment during edematous episodes with limited benefit. His medical history was unremarkable, with no reports of trauma, surgery, allergies, or family history of genetic disorders. Physical examination revealed bilaterally symmetrical, faintly erythematous skin with marked upper eyelid laxity, visible subcutaneous vasculature, and multiple skin folds. No proptosis, pruritus, or tenderness was observed (Figure 1A–C). Both lips appeared thickened, with a distinct double lip deformity of the upper lip featuring a central depression and inability to achieve complete lip closure (Figure 1D–F). The redundant mucosal fold became more pronounced during smiling. No thyroid enlargement was palpable. Laboratory investigation showed a thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody level of 2.63 IU/L (0–1.75IU/L). Thyroid ultrasonography identified a nodule in the right lobe classified as TI-RADS 3. Maxillofacial MRI demonstrated plump bilateral lacrimal glands without significant thinning of the eyelid skin. The labial mucosa and soft tissues exhibited a uniformly increased T2 signal, while DWI and ADC sequences showed no diffusion restriction (Figure 2A–D). The patient was diagnosed with incomplete Ascher syndrome by the plastic surgery team. Subsequently, he underwent corrective blepharoplasty involving excision of redundant upper eyelid skin and partial subcutaneous orbicularis oculi muscle, with fixation of prolapsed lacrimal glands to the superolateral periosteal surface (Figure 3). Figure 3 Intraoperative photograph showing the prolapsed lacrimal gland. Histopathological evaluation was performed on the surgical specimen using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. It revealed mild chronic inflammation in the skin tissue. Pigment was deposited in the basal layer, with scattered pigment-laden histiocytes present in the dermis. Capillary dilation and vascular endothelial hyperplasia were also observed (Figure 4A). We employed special staining techniques for further characterization. Colloid iron staining showed that in the dermis, particularly around blood vessels and skin appendages, there was a large area of bright blue, granular-like mucopolysaccharide deposition (Figure 4B). Verhoeff-Van Gieson (EVG) staining highlighted a significant reduction, thinning, and fragmentation of elastic fibers in the upper eyelid dermis, which was accompanied by marked disruption of the normal, continuous reticular network (Figure 4C).The suture was removed 6 days after the surgery. At that time, the upper eyelid skin was slightly red and swollen, but the appearance had significantly improved compared to before (Figure 5A–D). Discussion Ascher syndrome is a rare hereditary disease with an incidence of approximately one in a million. Currently, the etiology of the disease remains unclear, though three main hypotheses have been proposed: physical trauma, autosomal dominant inheritance, and endocrine disorders. However, Fu et al found no specific gene mutations associated with eyelid laxity through whole-exome sequencing of patients and their mothers.2 Additionally, tests for rheumatoid factor and hormone levels in multiple patients revealed no significant abnormalities. Instead, current evidence suggests that the condition may arise from abnormal enhancement of fibroblast activity and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components such as collagen, which contribute to chronic non-neoplastic soft tissue hypertrophy.3 Notably, based on pathological findings of substantial mucin deposition observed in colloidal iron staining, we hypothesize that the accumulation of hydrophilic mucins in the patient’s eyelid tissue leads to persistent high water content, expansion, and increased tension in the dermis. Consequently, this may result in physical fatigue, rupture, and structural damage over time. Nevertheless, further research is essential to elucidate this mechanism in depth. Clinically, complete Ascher syndrome is characterized by bilateral upper eyelid skin laxity, a heavy upper lip, and non-toxic goiter.4 Yet, non-toxic goiter is reported in only 10–50% of documented cases. Thus, many scholars argue that the diagnosis of Ascher syndrome can be established based solely on the presence of relaxed upper eyelid skin and a heavy upper lip.5 In this context, the present case exhibits incomplete features of Ascher syndrome.6 The main eye symptoms include edema, pale redness, thinning, visible capillaries, sagging of the upper eyelid skin, and partial pupil coverage. These symptoms reflect the progression of eyelid lesions, which can be divided into three stages.7 The first stage is the edema phase. It is characterized by intermittent painless swelling of the upper eyelid and may be the initial manifestation of this disease.8 The frequency of eyelid edema decreases with age. The second stage involves sagging of the upper eyelid skin, causing loose, thin skin to create excess folds along the eyelid margin. The third stage is marked by atrophy of the inner fat pad, prolapse of orbital fat and lacrimal gland, resulting in more pronounced loosening of the upper eyelid skin. Surgery usually involves making a double eyelid incision, removing excess skin and the orbicularis oculi muscle, and fixing the orbital septum along with the prolapsed lacrimal gland. Our histopathological analysis confirmed previously reported findings: telangiectasia and fragmented, reduced dermal elastic fibers.9 Progressive swelling of the lips, particularly involving the lip mucosa, often occurs on the upper lip and is accompanied by dryness and cracking. This swelling becomes more noticeable during eating, speaking, or smiling. Previous reports indicate that it may also affect the patient’s pronunciation and bite,10 and that heavy lip involvement is mostly limited to the upper lip and rarely affects the lower lip.11 The patient exhibits lower lip asymmetry upon mouth opening. The patient has limited lip function and a habitual pursing of the lips with prolonged mouth closure. As a result, severe lip closure is not apparent, and the patient refuses to undergo lip repair. The formation of the lip border is attributed to the gradual widening of the horizontal groove separating the outer skin (vermilion border) from the inner mucosal area.11 There is no significant change in the middle frenulum, and usually an intraoral double elliptical incision is made to preserve the frenulum while cutting off excess tissue in a shuttle shape. In a few cases, W-shaped surgery is used.4 The pathology of excised lip tissue often suggests non-specific inflammatory cell infiltration,5 accompanied by salivary gland hyperplasia and vascular dilation.12 Thyroid enlargement often occurs many years after eyelid and lip lesions. The diagnosis of this disease mostly happens during adolescence. Changes in the thyroid gland often occur after the age of 20,1 which means the symptom often does not appear earlier. Thyroid enlargement is usually a non-toxic goiter. Parveen Rewri’s case report review indicated that only 14% (6/42) of patients had non-toxic thyroid involvement.8 It is recommended that such patients undergo regular follow-up thyroid hormone, thyroid antibody testing, and ultrasound examination.2 We have summarized the previously published data of some patients with Ascher syndrome in Table 1. Since Ascher syndrome affects multiple organs, it is necessary to distinguish it from other diseases that affect the eyelids, lips and thyroid. The diseases that require differential diagnosis are listed in the Table 2. Currently, there are no specific drugs to treat or delay the progression of the disease. There are reports on the use of steroid shock therapy during the acute phase of upper eyelid swelling,13 and attempts to control the condition with dapsone, but the effect is not significant.8 The patient had used erythromycin eye ointment without improvement in upper eyelid redness and swelling. Therefore, surgical resection is currently the only solution to improve function and aesthetics in Ascher syndrome; however, the follow-up time for this case is relatively short, and long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and necessity of plastic surgery. The follow-up period for this case is relatively short; therefore, the effectiveness and necessity of plastic surgery require evaluation through long-term follow-up. Conclusion This case found that the uniform high signal of the lip soft tissue in the MRI T2 image and the glycosaminoglycan deposition shown by colloid iron staining are of great value for the differential diagnosis of Ascher syndrome. Through eyelid plastic surgery, the appearance and psychological state of patients can be effectively improved, and their social adaptability can be enhanced.